path: root/src/construct/autolink.rs

//! Autolink occurs in the [text][] content type.
//!
//! ## Grammar
//!
//! Autolink forms with the following BNF
//! (<small>see [construct][crate::construct] for character groups</small>):
//!
//! ```bnf
//! autolink ::= '<' (url | email) '>'
//!
//! url ::= protocol *url_byte
//! protocol ::= ascii_alphabetic 0*31(protocol_byte) ':'
//! protocol_byte ::= '+' '-' '.' ascii_alphanumeric
//! url_byte ::= byte - ascii_control - ' '
//!
//! email ::= 1*ascii_atext '@' email_domain *('.' email_domain)
//! ; Restriction: up to (including) 63 character are allowed in each domain.
//! email_domain ::= ascii_alphanumeric *(ascii_alphanumeric | '-' ascii_alphanumeric)
//!
//! ascii_atext ::= ascii_alphanumeric | '!' | '"' | '#' | '$' | '%' | '&' | '\'' | '*' | '+' | '-' | '/' | '=' | '?' | '^' | '_' | '`' | '{' | '|' | '}' | '~'
//! ```
//!
//! The maximum allowed size of a scheme is `31` (inclusive), which is defined
//! in [`AUTOLINK_SCHEME_SIZE_MAX`][autolink_scheme_size_max].
//! The maximum allowed size of a domain is `63` (inclusive), which is defined
//! in [`AUTOLINK_DOMAIN_SIZE_MAX`][autolink_domain_size_max].
//!
//! The grammar for autolinks is quite strict and prohibits the use of ASCII control
//! characters or spaces.
//! To use non-ascii characters and otherwise impossible characters, in URLs,
//! you can use percent encoding:
//!
//! ```markdown
//! <https://example.com/alpha%20bravo>
//! ```
//!
//! Yields:
//!
//! ```html
//! <p><a href="https://example.com/alpha%20bravo">https://example.com/alpha%20bravo</a></p>
//! ```
//!
//! There are several cases where incorrect encoding of URLs would, in other
//! languages, result in a parse error.
//! In markdown, there are no errors, and URLs are normalized.
//! In addition, many characters are percent encoded
//! ([`sanitize_uri`][sanitize_uri]).
//! For example:
//!
//! ```markdown
//! <https://a👍b%>
//! ```
//!
//! Yields:
//!
//! ```html
//! <p><a href="https://a%F0%9F%91%8Db%25">https://a👍b%</a></p>
//! ```
//!
//! Interestingly, there are a couple of things that are valid autolinks in
//! markdown but in HTML would be valid tags, such as `<svg:rect>` and
//! `<xml:lang/>`.
//! However, because `CommonMark` employs a naïve HTML parsing algorithm, those
//! are not considered HTML.
//!
//! While `CommonMark` restricts links from occurring in other links in the
//! case of labels (see [label end][label_end]), this restriction is not in
//! place for autolinks inside labels:
//!
//! ```markdown
//! [<https://example.com>](#)
//! ```
//!
//! Yields:
//!
//! ```html
//! <p><a href="#"><a href="https://example.com">https://example.com</a></a></p>
//! ```
//!
//! The generated output, in this case, is invalid according to HTML.
//! When a browser sees that markup, it will instead parse it as:
//!
//! ```html
//! <p><a href="#"></a><a href="https://example.com">https://example.com</a></p>
//! ```
//!
//! ## HTML
//!
//! Autolinks relate to the `<a>` element in HTML.
//! See [*§ 4.5.1 The `a` element*][html_a] in the HTML spec for more info.
//! When an email autolink is used (so, without a protocol), the string
//! `mailto:` is prepended before the email, when generating the `href`
//! attribute of the hyperlink.
//!
//! ## Recommendation
//!
//! It is recommended to use labels ([label start link][label_start_link],
//! [label end][label_end]), either with a resource or a definition
//! ([definition][]), instead of autolinks, as those allow more characters in
//! URLs, and allow relative URLs and `www.` URLs.
//! They also allow for descriptive text to explain the URL in prose.
//!
//! ## Tokens
//!
//! *   [`Autolink`][Name::Autolink]
//! *   [`AutolinkEmail`][Name::AutolinkEmail]
//! *   [`AutolinkMarker`][Name::AutolinkMarker]
//! *   [`AutolinkProtocol`][Name::AutolinkProtocol]
//!
//! ## References
//!
//! *   [`autolink.js` in `micromark`](https://github.com/micromark/micromark/blob/main/packages/micromark-core-commonmark/dev/lib/autolink.js)
//! *   [*§ 6.4 Autolinks* in `CommonMark`](https://spec.commonmark.org/0.30/#autolinks)
//!
//! [text]: crate::construct::text
//! [definition]: crate::construct::definition
//! [label_start_link]: crate::construct::label_start_link
//! [label_end]: crate::construct::label_end
//! [autolink_scheme_size_max]: crate::util::constant::AUTOLINK_SCHEME_SIZE_MAX
//! [autolink_domain_size_max]: crate::util::constant::AUTOLINK_DOMAIN_SIZE_MAX
//! [sanitize_uri]: crate::util::sanitize_uri
//! [html_a]: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-a-element

use crate::event::Name;
use crate::state::{Name as StateName, State};
use crate::tokenizer::Tokenizer;
use crate::util::constant::{AUTOLINK_DOMAIN_SIZE_MAX, AUTOLINK_SCHEME_SIZE_MAX};

/// Start of autolink.
///
/// ```markdown
/// > | a<https://example.com>b
///      ^
/// > | a<user@example.com>b
///      ^
/// ```
pub fn start(tokenizer: &mut Tokenizer) -> State {
    if tokenizer.parse_state.constructs.autolink && tokenizer.current == Some(b'<') {
        tokenizer.enter(Name::Autolink);
        tokenizer.enter(Name::AutolinkMarker);
        tokenizer.consume();
        tokenizer.exit(Name::AutolinkMarker);
        tokenizer.enter(Name::AutolinkProtocol);
        State::Next(StateName::AutolinkOpen)
    } else {
        State::Nok
    }
}

/// After `<`, at protocol or atext.
///
/// ```markdown
/// > | a<https://example.com>b
///       ^
/// > | a<user@example.com>b
///       ^
/// ```
pub fn open(tokenizer: &mut Tokenizer) -> State {
    match tokenizer.current {
        // ASCII alphabetic.
        Some(b'A'..=b'Z' | b'a'..=b'z') => {
            tokenizer.consume();
            State::Next(StateName::AutolinkSchemeOrEmailAtext)
        }
        _ => State::Retry(StateName::AutolinkEmailAtext),
    }
}

/// At second byte of protocol or atext.
///
/// ```markdown
/// > | a<https://example.com>b
///        ^
/// > | a<user@example.com>b
///        ^
/// ```
pub fn scheme_or_email_atext(tokenizer: &mut Tokenizer) -> State {
    match tokenizer.current {
        // ASCII alphanumeric and `+`, `-`, and `.`.
        Some(b'+' | b'-' | b'.' | b'0'..=b'9' | b'A'..=b'Z' | b'a'..=b'z') => {
            // Count the previous alphabetical from `open` too.
            tokenizer.tokenize_state.size = 1;
            State::Retry(StateName::AutolinkSchemeInsideOrEmailAtext)
        }
        _ => State::Retry(StateName::AutolinkEmailAtext),
    }
}

/// In ambiguous protocol or atext.
///
/// ```markdown
/// > | a<https://example.com>b
///        ^
/// > | a<user@example.com>b
///        ^
/// ```
pub fn scheme_inside_or_email_atext(tokenizer: &mut Tokenizer) -> State {
    match tokenizer.current {
        Some(b':') => {
            tokenizer.consume();
            tokenizer.tokenize_state.size = 0;
            State::Next(StateName::AutolinkUrlInside)
        }
        // ASCII alphanumeric and `+`, `-`, and `.`.
        Some(b'+' | b'-' | b'.' | b'0'..=b'9' | b'A'..=b'Z' | b'a'..=b'z')
            if tokenizer.tokenize_state.size < AUTOLINK_SCHEME_SIZE_MAX =>
        {
            tokenizer.tokenize_state.size += 1;
            tokenizer.consume();
            State::Next(StateName::AutolinkSchemeInsideOrEmailAtext)
        }
        _ => {
            tokenizer.tokenize_state.size = 0;
            State::Retry(StateName::AutolinkEmailAtext)
        }
    }
}

/// After protocol, in URL.
///
/// ```markdown
/// > | a<https://example.com>b
///             ^
/// ```
pub fn url_inside(tokenizer: &mut Tokenizer) -> State {
    match tokenizer.current {
        Some(b'>') => {
            tokenizer.exit(Name::AutolinkProtocol);
            tokenizer.enter(Name::AutolinkMarker);
            tokenizer.consume();
            tokenizer.exit(Name::AutolinkMarker);
            tokenizer.exit(Name::Autolink);
            State::Ok
        }
        // ASCII control, space, or `<`.
        None | Some(b'\0'..=0x1F | b' ' | b'<' | 0x7F) => State::Nok,
        Some(_) => {
            tokenizer.consume();
            State::Next(StateName::AutolinkUrlInside)
        }
    }
}

/// In email atext.
///
/// ```markdown
/// > | a<user.name@example.com>b
///              ^
/// ```
pub fn email_atext(tokenizer: &mut Tokenizer) -> State {
    match tokenizer.current {
        Some(b'@') => {
            tokenizer.consume();
            State::Next(StateName::AutolinkEmailAtSignOrDot)
        }
        // ASCII atext.
        //
        // atext is an ASCII alphanumeric (see [`is_ascii_alphanumeric`][]), or
        // a byte in the inclusive ranges U+0023 NUMBER SIGN (`#`) to U+0027
        // APOSTROPHE (`'`), U+002A ASTERISK (`*`), U+002B PLUS SIGN (`+`),
        // U+002D DASH (`-`), U+002F SLASH (`/`), U+003D EQUALS TO (`=`),
        // U+003F QUESTION MARK (`?`), U+005E CARET (`^`) to U+0060 GRAVE
        // ACCENT (`` ` ``), or U+007B LEFT CURLY BRACE (`{`) to U+007E TILDE
        // (`~`).
        //
        // See:
        // **\[RFC5322]**:
        // [Internet Message Format](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322).
        // P. Resnick.
        // IETF.
        //
        // [`is_ascii_alphanumeric`]: char::is_ascii_alphanumeric
        Some(
            b'#'..=b'\'' | b'*' | b'+' | b'-'..=b'9' | b'=' | b'?' | b'A'..=b'Z' | b'^'..=b'~',
        ) => {
            tokenizer.consume();
            State::Next(StateName::AutolinkEmailAtext)
        }
        _ => State::Nok,
    }
}

/// In label, after at-sign or dot.
///
/// ```markdown
/// > | a<user.name@example.com>b
///                 ^       ^
/// ```
pub fn email_at_sign_or_dot(tokenizer: &mut Tokenizer) -> State {
    match tokenizer.current {
        // ASCII alphanumeric.
        Some(b'0'..=b'9' | b'A'..=b'Z' | b'a'..=b'z') => {
            State::Retry(StateName::AutolinkEmailValue)
        }
        _ => State::Nok,
    }
}

/// In label, where `.` and `>` are allowed.
///
/// ```markdown
/// > | a<user.name@example.com>b
///                   ^
/// ```
pub fn email_label(tokenizer: &mut Tokenizer) -> State {
    match tokenizer.current {
        Some(b'.') => {
            tokenizer.tokenize_state.size = 0;
            tokenizer.consume();
            State::Next(StateName::AutolinkEmailAtSignOrDot)
        }
        Some(b'>') => {
            tokenizer.tokenize_state.size = 0;
            let index = tokenizer.events.len();
            tokenizer.exit(Name::AutolinkProtocol);
            // Change the event name.
            tokenizer.events[index - 1].name = Name::AutolinkEmail;
            tokenizer.events[index].name = Name::AutolinkEmail;
            tokenizer.enter(Name::AutolinkMarker);
            tokenizer.consume();
            tokenizer.exit(Name::AutolinkMarker);
            tokenizer.exit(Name::Autolink);
            State::Ok
        }
        _ => State::Retry(StateName::AutolinkEmailValue),
    }
}

/// In label, where `.` and `>` are *not* allowed.
///
/// Though, this is also used in `email_label` to parse other values.
///
/// ```markdown
/// > | a<user.name@ex-ample.com>b
///                    ^
/// ```
pub fn email_value(tokenizer: &mut Tokenizer) -> State {
    match tokenizer.current {
        // ASCII alphanumeric or `-`.
        Some(b'-' | b'0'..=b'9' | b'A'..=b'Z' | b'a'..=b'z')
            if tokenizer.tokenize_state.size < AUTOLINK_DOMAIN_SIZE_MAX =>
        {
            let name = if matches!(tokenizer.current, Some(b'-')) {
                StateName::AutolinkEmailValue
            } else {
                StateName::AutolinkEmailLabel
            };
            tokenizer.tokenize_state.size += 1;
            tokenizer.consume();
            State::Next(name)
        }
        _ => {
            tokenizer.tokenize_state.size = 0;
            State::Nok
        }
    }
}