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diff --git a/src/application/program.rs b/src/application/program.rs
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+//!
+//! # Example
+//! ```no_run
+//! use iced::widget::{button, column, text, Column};
+//! use iced::Theme;
+//!
+//! pub fn main() -> iced::Result {
+//! iced::program("A counter", update, view)
+//! .theme(|_| Theme::Dark)
+//! .centered()
+//! .run()
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+//! enum Message {
+//! Increment,
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn update(value: &mut u64, message: Message) {
+//! match message {
+//! Message::Increment => *value += 1,
+//! }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn view(value: &u64) -> Column<Message> {
+//! column![
+//! text(value),
+//! button("+").on_press(Message::Increment),
+//! ]
+//! }
+//! ```
+use crate::application::{self, Application};
+use crate::executor::{self, Executor};
+use crate::window;
+use crate::{Command, Element, Font, Result, Settings, Subscription};
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+/// Creates an iced [`Program`] given its title, update, and view logic.
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```no_run
+/// use iced::widget::{button, column, text, Column};
+///
+/// pub fn main() -> iced::Result {
+/// iced::program("A counter", update, view).run()
+/// }
+///
+/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+/// enum Message {
+/// Increment,
+/// }
+///
+/// fn update(value: &mut u64, message: Message) {
+/// match message {
+/// Message::Increment => *value += 1,
+/// }
+/// }
+///
+/// fn view(value: &u64) -> Column<Message> {
+/// column![
+/// text(value),
+/// button("+").on_press(Message::Increment),
+/// ]
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub fn program<State, Message>(
+ title: impl Title<State>,
+ update: impl Update<State, Message>,
+ view: impl for<'a> self::View<'a, State, Message>,
+) -> Program<
+ impl Definition<State = State, Message = Message, Theme = crate::Theme>,
+>
+where
+ State: Default + 'static,
+ Message: Send + std::fmt::Debug,
+{
+ use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+ struct Application<State, Message, Update, View> {
+ update: Update,
+ view: View,
+ _state: PhantomData<State>,
+ _message: PhantomData<Message>,
+ }
+
+ impl<State, Message, Update, View> Definition
+ for Application<State, Message, Update, View>
+ where
+ State: Default,
+ Message: Send + std::fmt::Debug,
+ Update: self::Update<State, Message>,
+ View: for<'a> self::View<'a, State, Message>,
+ {
+ type State = State;
+ type Message = Message;
+ type Theme = crate::Theme;
+ type Executor = executor::Default;
+
+ fn build(&self) -> (Self::State, Command<Self::Message>) {
+ (Self::State::default(), Command::none())
+ }
+
+ fn update(
+ &self,
+ state: &mut Self::State,
+ message: Self::Message,
+ ) -> Command<Self::Message> {
+ self.update.update(state, message).into()
+ }
+
+ fn view<'a>(
+ &self,
+ state: &'a Self::State,
+ ) -> Element<'a, Self::Message, Self::Theme> {
+ self.view.view(state).into()
+ }
+ }
+
+ Program {
+ raw: Application {
+ update,
+ view,
+ _state: PhantomData,
+ _message: PhantomData,
+ },
+ settings: Settings::default(),
+ }
+ .title(title)
+}
+
+/// The underlying definition and configuration of an iced [`Application`].
+///
+/// You can use this API to create and run iced applications
+/// step by step—without coupling your logic to a trait
+/// or a specific type.
+///
+/// This API is meant to be a more convenient—although less
+/// powerful—alternative to the [`Application`] trait.
+///
+/// You can create a [`Program`] with the [`program`] helper.
+///
+/// [`run`]: Program::run
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Program<P: Definition> {
+ raw: P,
+ settings: Settings,
+}
+
+impl<P: Definition> Program<P> {
+ /// Runs the underlying [`Application`] of the [`Program`].
+ pub fn run(self) -> Result
+ where
+ Self: 'static,
+ {
+ struct Instance<P: Definition> {
+ program: P,
+ state: P::State,
+ }
+
+ impl<P: Definition> Application for Instance<P> {
+ type Message = P::Message;
+ type Theme = P::Theme;
+ type Flags = P;
+ type Executor = P::Executor;
+
+ fn new(program: Self::Flags) -> (Self, Command<Self::Message>) {
+ let (state, command) = P::build(&program);
+
+ (Self { program, state }, command)
+ }
+
+ fn title(&self) -> String {
+ self.program.title(&self.state)
+ }
+
+ fn update(
+ &mut self,
+ message: Self::Message,
+ ) -> Command<Self::Message> {
+ self.program.update(&mut self.state, message)
+ }
+
+ fn view(
+ &self,
+ ) -> crate::Element<'_, Self::Message, Self::Theme, crate::Renderer>
+ {
+ self.program.view(&self.state)
+ }
+
+ fn subscription(&self) -> Subscription<Self::Message> {
+ self.program.subscription(&self.state)
+ }
+
+ fn theme(&self) -> Self::Theme {
+ self.program.theme(&self.state)
+ }
+
+ fn style(&self, theme: &Self::Theme) -> application::Appearance {
+ self.program.style(&self.state, theme)
+ }
+ }
+
+ let Self { raw, settings } = self;
+
+ Instance::run(Settings {
+ flags: raw,
+ id: settings.id,
+ window: settings.window,
+ fonts: settings.fonts,
+ default_font: settings.default_font,
+ default_text_size: settings.default_text_size,
+ antialiasing: settings.antialiasing,
+ })
+ }
+
+ /// Sets the [`Settings`] that will be used to run the [`Program`].
+ pub fn settings(self, settings: Settings) -> Self {
+ Self { settings, ..self }
+ }
+
+ /// Sets the [`Settings::antialiasing`] of the [`Program`].
+ pub fn antialiasing(self, antialiasing: bool) -> Self {
+ Self {
+ settings: Settings {
+ antialiasing,
+ ..self.settings
+ },
+ ..self
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Sets the default [`Font`] of the [`Program`].
+ pub fn default_font(self, default_font: Font) -> Self {
+ Self {
+ settings: Settings {
+ default_font,
+ ..self.settings
+ },
+ ..self
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Adds a font to the list of fonts that will be loaded at the start of the [`Program`].
+ pub fn font(mut self, font: impl Into<Cow<'static, [u8]>>) -> Self {
+ self.settings.fonts.push(font.into());
+ self
+ }
+
+ /// Sets the [`window::Settings::position`] to [`window::Position::Centered`] in the [`Program`].
+ pub fn centered(self) -> Self {
+ Self {
+ settings: Settings {
+ window: window::Settings {
+ position: window::Position::Centered,
+ ..self.settings.window
+ },
+ ..self.settings
+ },
+ ..self
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Sets the [`window::Settings::exit_on_close_request`] of the [`Program`].
+ pub fn exit_on_close_request(self, exit_on_close_request: bool) -> Self {
+ Self {
+ settings: Settings {
+ window: window::Settings {
+ exit_on_close_request,
+ ..self.settings.window
+ },
+ ..self.settings
+ },
+ ..self
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Sets the [`window::Settings::transparent`] of the [`Program`].
+ pub fn transparent(self, transparent: bool) -> Self {
+ Self {
+ settings: Settings {
+ window: window::Settings {
+ transparent,
+ ..self.settings.window
+ },
+ ..self.settings
+ },
+ ..self
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Sets the [`Title`] of the [`Program`].
+ pub(crate) fn title(
+ self,
+ title: impl Title<P::State>,
+ ) -> Program<
+ impl Definition<State = P::State, Message = P::Message, Theme = P::Theme>,
+ > {
+ Program {
+ raw: with_title(self.raw, title),
+ settings: self.settings,
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Runs the [`Command`] produced by the closure at startup.
+ pub fn load(
+ self,
+ f: impl Fn() -> Command<P::Message>,
+ ) -> Program<
+ impl Definition<State = P::State, Message = P::Message, Theme = P::Theme>,
+ > {
+ Program {
+ raw: with_load(self.raw, f),
+ settings: self.settings,
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Sets the subscription logic of the [`Program`].
+ pub fn subscription(
+ self,
+ f: impl Fn(&P::State) -> Subscription<P::Message>,
+ ) -> Program<
+ impl Definition<State = P::State, Message = P::Message, Theme = P::Theme>,
+ > {
+ Program {
+ raw: with_subscription(self.raw, f),
+ settings: self.settings,
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Sets the theme logic of the [`Program`].
+ pub fn theme(
+ self,
+ f: impl Fn(&P::State) -> P::Theme,
+ ) -> Program<
+ impl Definition<State = P::State, Message = P::Message, Theme = P::Theme>,
+ > {
+ Program {
+ raw: with_theme(self.raw, f),
+ settings: self.settings,
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Sets the style logic of the [`Program`].
+ pub fn style(
+ self,
+ f: impl Fn(&P::State, &P::Theme) -> application::Appearance,
+ ) -> Program<
+ impl Definition<State = P::State, Message = P::Message, Theme = P::Theme>,
+ > {
+ Program {
+ raw: with_style(self.raw, f),
+ settings: self.settings,
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+/// The internal definition of a [`Program`].
+///
+/// You should not need to implement this trait directly. Instead, use the
+/// methods available in the [`Program`] struct.
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub trait Definition: Sized {
+ /// The state of the program.
+ type State;
+
+ /// The message of the program.
+ type Message: Send + std::fmt::Debug;
+
+ /// The theme of the program.
+ type Theme: Default + application::DefaultStyle;
+
+ /// The executor of the program.
+ type Executor: Executor;
+
+ fn build(&self) -> (Self::State, Command<Self::Message>);
+
+ fn update(
+ &self,
+ state: &mut Self::State,
+ message: Self::Message,
+ ) -> Command<Self::Message>;
+
+ fn view<'a>(
+ &self,
+ state: &'a Self::State,
+ ) -> Element<'a, Self::Message, Self::Theme>;
+
+ fn title(&self, _state: &Self::State) -> String {
+ String::from("A cool iced application!")
+ }
+
+ fn subscription(
+ &self,
+ _state: &Self::State,
+ ) -> Subscription<Self::Message> {
+ Subscription::none()
+ }
+
+ fn theme(&self, _state: &Self::State) -> Self::Theme {
+ Self::Theme::default()
+ }
+
+ fn style(
+ &self,
+ _state: &Self::State,
+ theme: &Self::Theme,
+ ) -> application::Appearance {
+ application::DefaultStyle::default_style(theme)
+ }
+}
+
+fn with_title<P: Definition>(
+ program: P,
+ title: impl Title<P::State>,
+) -> impl Definition<State = P::State, Message = P::Message, Theme = P::Theme> {
+ struct WithTitle<P, Title> {
+ program: P,
+ title: Title,
+ }
+
+ impl<P, Title> Definition for WithTitle<P, Title>
+ where
+ P: Definition,
+ Title: self::Title<P::State>,
+ {
+ type State = P::State;
+ type Message = P::Message;
+ type Theme = P::Theme;
+ type Executor = P::Executor;
+
+ fn build(&self) -> (Self::State, Command<Self::Message>) {
+ self.program.build()
+ }
+
+ fn title(&self, state: &Self::State) -> String {
+ self.title.title(state)
+ }
+
+ fn update(
+ &self,
+ state: &mut Self::State,
+ message: Self::Message,
+ ) -> Command<Self::Message> {
+ self.program.update(state, message)
+ }
+
+ fn view<'a>(
+ &self,
+ state: &'a Self::State,
+ ) -> Element<'a, Self::Message, Self::Theme> {
+ self.program.view(state)
+ }
+
+ fn theme(&self, state: &Self::State) -> Self::Theme {
+ self.program.theme(state)
+ }
+
+ fn subscription(
+ &self,
+ state: &Self::State,
+ ) -> Subscription<Self::Message> {
+ self.program.subscription(state)
+ }
+
+ fn style(
+ &self,
+ state: &Self::State,
+ theme: &Self::Theme,
+ ) -> application::Appearance {
+ self.program.style(state, theme)
+ }
+ }
+
+ WithTitle { program, title }
+}
+
+fn with_load<P: Definition>(
+ program: P,
+ f: impl Fn() -> Command<P::Message>,
+) -> impl Definition<State = P::State, Message = P::Message, Theme = P::Theme> {
+ struct WithLoad<P, F> {
+ program: P,
+ load: F,
+ }
+
+ impl<P: Definition, F> Definition for WithLoad<P, F>
+ where
+ F: Fn() -> Command<P::Message>,
+ {
+ type State = P::State;
+ type Message = P::Message;
+ type Theme = P::Theme;
+ type Executor = executor::Default;
+
+ fn build(&self) -> (Self::State, Command<Self::Message>) {
+ let (state, command) = self.program.build();
+
+ (state, Command::batch([command, (self.load)()]))
+ }
+
+ fn update(
+ &self,
+ state: &mut Self::State,
+ message: Self::Message,
+ ) -> Command<Self::Message> {
+ self.program.update(state, message)
+ }
+
+ fn view<'a>(
+ &self,
+ state: &'a Self::State,
+ ) -> Element<'a, Self::Message, Self::Theme> {
+ self.program.view(state)
+ }
+
+ fn title(&self, state: &Self::State) -> String {
+ self.program.title(state)
+ }
+
+ fn subscription(
+ &self,
+ state: &Self::State,
+ ) -> Subscription<Self::Message> {
+ self.program.subscription(state)
+ }
+
+ fn theme(&self, state: &Self::State) -> Self::Theme {
+ self.program.theme(state)
+ }
+
+ fn style(
+ &self,
+ state: &Self::State,
+ theme: &Self::Theme,
+ ) -> application::Appearance {
+ self.program.style(state, theme)
+ }
+ }
+
+ WithLoad { program, load: f }
+}
+
+fn with_subscription<P: Definition>(
+ program: P,
+ f: impl Fn(&P::State) -> Subscription<P::Message>,
+) -> impl Definition<State = P::State, Message = P::Message, Theme = P::Theme> {
+ struct WithSubscription<P, F> {
+ program: P,
+ subscription: F,
+ }
+
+ impl<P: Definition, F> Definition for WithSubscription<P, F>
+ where
+ F: Fn(&P::State) -> Subscription<P::Message>,
+ {
+ type State = P::State;
+ type Message = P::Message;
+ type Theme = P::Theme;
+ type Executor = executor::Default;
+
+ fn subscription(
+ &self,
+ state: &Self::State,
+ ) -> Subscription<Self::Message> {
+ (self.subscription)(state)
+ }
+
+ fn build(&self) -> (Self::State, Command<Self::Message>) {
+ self.program.build()
+ }
+
+ fn update(
+ &self,
+ state: &mut Self::State,
+ message: Self::Message,
+ ) -> Command<Self::Message> {
+ self.program.update(state, message)
+ }
+
+ fn view<'a>(
+ &self,
+ state: &'a Self::State,
+ ) -> Element<'a, Self::Message, Self::Theme> {
+ self.program.view(state)
+ }
+
+ fn title(&self, state: &Self::State) -> String {
+ self.program.title(state)
+ }
+
+ fn theme(&self, state: &Self::State) -> Self::Theme {
+ self.program.theme(state)
+ }
+
+ fn style(
+ &self,
+ state: &Self::State,
+ theme: &Self::Theme,
+ ) -> application::Appearance {
+ self.program.style(state, theme)
+ }
+ }
+
+ WithSubscription {
+ program,
+ subscription: f,
+ }
+}
+
+fn with_theme<P: Definition>(
+ program: P,
+ f: impl Fn(&P::State) -> P::Theme,
+) -> impl Definition<State = P::State, Message = P::Message, Theme = P::Theme> {
+ struct WithTheme<P, F> {
+ program: P,
+ theme: F,
+ }
+
+ impl<P: Definition, F> Definition for WithTheme<P, F>
+ where
+ F: Fn(&P::State) -> P::Theme,
+ {
+ type State = P::State;
+ type Message = P::Message;
+ type Theme = P::Theme;
+ type Executor = P::Executor;
+
+ fn theme(&self, state: &Self::State) -> Self::Theme {
+ (self.theme)(state)
+ }
+
+ fn build(&self) -> (Self::State, Command<Self::Message>) {
+ self.program.build()
+ }
+
+ fn title(&self, state: &Self::State) -> String {
+ self.program.title(state)
+ }
+
+ fn update(
+ &self,
+ state: &mut Self::State,
+ message: Self::Message,
+ ) -> Command<Self::Message> {
+ self.program.update(state, message)
+ }
+
+ fn view<'a>(
+ &self,
+ state: &'a Self::State,
+ ) -> Element<'a, Self::Message, Self::Theme> {
+ self.program.view(state)
+ }
+
+ fn subscription(
+ &self,
+ state: &Self::State,
+ ) -> Subscription<Self::Message> {
+ self.program.subscription(state)
+ }
+
+ fn style(
+ &self,
+ state: &Self::State,
+ theme: &Self::Theme,
+ ) -> application::Appearance {
+ self.program.style(state, theme)
+ }
+ }
+
+ WithTheme { program, theme: f }
+}
+
+fn with_style<P: Definition>(
+ program: P,
+ f: impl Fn(&P::State, &P::Theme) -> application::Appearance,
+) -> impl Definition<State = P::State, Message = P::Message, Theme = P::Theme> {
+ struct WithStyle<P, F> {
+ program: P,
+ style: F,
+ }
+
+ impl<P: Definition, F> Definition for WithStyle<P, F>
+ where
+ F: Fn(&P::State, &P::Theme) -> application::Appearance,
+ {
+ type State = P::State;
+ type Message = P::Message;
+ type Theme = P::Theme;
+ type Executor = P::Executor;
+
+ fn style(
+ &self,
+ state: &Self::State,
+ theme: &Self::Theme,
+ ) -> application::Appearance {
+ (self.style)(state, theme)
+ }
+
+ fn build(&self) -> (Self::State, Command<Self::Message>) {
+ self.program.build()
+ }
+
+ fn title(&self, state: &Self::State) -> String {
+ self.program.title(state)
+ }
+
+ fn update(
+ &self,
+ state: &mut Self::State,
+ message: Self::Message,
+ ) -> Command<Self::Message> {
+ self.program.update(state, message)
+ }
+
+ fn view<'a>(
+ &self,
+ state: &'a Self::State,
+ ) -> Element<'a, Self::Message, Self::Theme> {
+ self.program.view(state)
+ }
+
+ fn subscription(
+ &self,
+ state: &Self::State,
+ ) -> Subscription<Self::Message> {
+ self.program.subscription(state)
+ }
+
+ fn theme(&self, state: &Self::State) -> Self::Theme {
+ self.program.theme(state)
+ }
+ }
+
+ WithStyle { program, style: f }
+}
+
+/// The title logic of some [`Program`].
+///
+/// This trait is implemented both for `&static str` and
+/// any closure `Fn(&State) -> String`.
+///
+/// This trait allows the [`program`] builder to take any of them.
+pub trait Title<State> {
+ /// Produces the title of the [`Program`].
+ fn title(&self, state: &State) -> String;
+}
+
+impl<State> Title<State> for &'static str {
+ fn title(&self, _state: &State) -> String {
+ self.to_string()
+ }
+}
+
+impl<T, State> Title<State> for T
+where
+ T: Fn(&State) -> String,
+{
+ fn title(&self, state: &State) -> String {
+ self(state)
+ }
+}
+
+/// The update logic of some [`Program`].
+///
+/// This trait allows the [`program`] builder to take any closure that
+/// returns any `Into<Command<Message>>`.
+pub trait Update<State, Message> {
+ /// Processes the message and updates the state of the [`Program`].
+ fn update(
+ &self,
+ state: &mut State,
+ message: Message,
+ ) -> impl Into<Command<Message>>;
+}
+
+impl<T, State, Message, C> Update<State, Message> for T
+where
+ T: Fn(&mut State, Message) -> C,
+ C: Into<Command<Message>>,
+{
+ fn update(
+ &self,
+ state: &mut State,
+ message: Message,
+ ) -> impl Into<Command<Message>> {
+ self(state, message)
+ }
+}
+
+/// The view logic of some [`Program`].
+///
+/// This trait allows the [`program`] builder to take any closure that
+/// returns any `Into<Element<'_, Message>>`.
+pub trait View<'a, State, Message> {
+ /// Produces the widget of the [`Program`].
+ fn view(&self, state: &'a State) -> impl Into<Element<'a, Message>>;
+}
+
+impl<'a, T, State, Message, Widget> View<'a, State, Message> for T
+where
+ T: Fn(&'a State) -> Widget,
+ State: 'static,
+ Widget: Into<Element<'a, Message>>,
+{
+ fn view(&self, state: &'a State) -> impl Into<Element<'a, Message>> {
+ self(state)
+ }
+}
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